Salt brist symptom
Serum and urine electrolytes and osmolality and assessment of volume status help determine the cause. Hyponatremia reflects an excess of total body water TBW relative to total body sodium content. Hypervolemic hyponatremia.
Low Sodium Levels (Hyponatremia): Causes and Recovery
Principal Causes of Hyponatremia. Euvolemic hyponatremia. See also Volume Depletion. Diuretics eg, thiazides. Decreased total body water TBW and sodium, with a relatively greater decrease in sodium. Endocrine disorders.
Note that the ECF volume is not the same as effective plasma volume. Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone ADH secretion. Salt-losing nephropathies eg, interstitial nephritis , medullary cystic disease , partial urinary tract obstruction, polycystic kidney disease. Renal disorders. States that increase nonosmotic release of vasopressin ADH. Emotional stress. Common causes include diuretic use, diarrhea, heart failure, liver disease, renal disease, and the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion SIADH.
Sometimes multiple factors contribute to hyponatremia. In hypovolemic hyponatremia, both serum osmolality and blood volume decrease. Increased total body sodium with a relatively greater increase in TBW. Extrarenal disorders. Postoperative states. Hypovolemic hyponatremia. Osmotic diuresis glucose, urea , mannitol. Heart failure. For example, decreased effective plasma volume may occur with decreased ECF volume as with diuretic use or hemorrhagic shock , but it may also occur with an increased ECF volume eg, in heart failure , hypoalbuminemia, or capillary leak syndrome.
Vasopressin antidiuretic hormone [ADH] secretion increases despite a decrease in osmolality to maintain blood volume. Treatment involves restricting water intake and promoting water loss, replacing any sodium deficit, and correcting the underlying disorder. Extrarenal fluid losses, such as those that occur with the losses of sodium-containing fluids as in protracted vomiting, severe diarrhea, or sequestration of fluids in a 3rd space see table Composition of Body Fluids , can cause hyponatremia typically when losses are replaced by ingesting plain water or liquids low in sodium see table Approximate Sodium Content or bygd hypotonic IV fluid.
7 Possible Causes of Craving Salt
Clinical manifestations are primarily neurologic due to an osmotic shift of vatten into brain cells causing edema , especially in acute hyponatremia, and include headache, confusion, and stupor; seizures and coma may occur. Increased TBW with near-normal total body sodium. Primary polydipsia. Renal losses. Sometimes, a low serum sodium measurement is caused by an excess of certain substances eg, glucose, lipid in the blood translocational hyponatremia, pseudohyponatremia rather than by a water-sodium imbalance.
Adrenal insufficiency as in Addison disease. Nephrotic syndrome. See also Water and Sodium Balance. Chronic kidney disease. Because total body sodium content fryst vatten reflected by extracellular fluid ECF volume ställning eller tillstånd, hyponatremia must be considered along with ställning eller tillstånd of the ECF volume: hypovolemia, euvolemia, and hypervolemia see table Principal Causes of Hyponatremia.
The resulting water retention increases plasma dilution and hyponatremia. Deficiencies in both total body water and total body sodium exist, although proportionally more sodium than water has been lost; the sodium deficit causes hypovolemia. Increased intake of fluids. Small-bowel obstruction. Mineralocorticoid deficiency. Diagnosis is by measuring serum sodium. Acute kidney injury.