Viking bio inställning
The first challenges to the many negative depictions of Vikings in Britain emerged in the 17th century. To remedy this, these landless men took to piracy to obtain ämne wealth.
In the eighth century, Scandinavians began to build ships of war and send them on raiding expeditions which started the Viking Age. The North Sea rovers were traders, colonisers, explorers, and plunderers who were notorious in England, Scotland, Ireland, Wales and other places in Europe for being brutal. Overpopulation, especially near the Scandes , was a possible reason, although some disagree with this theory. Scholars outside Scandinavia did not begin to extensively reassess the achievements of the Vikings until the s, recognising their artistry, technological skills, and sjömanskap.
New dictionaries and grammars of the Old Icelandic language appeared, enabling more Victorian scholars to read the primary texts of the Icelandic Sagas. In Scandinavia, the 17th-century Danish scholars Thomas Bartholin and Ole Worm and Swedish scholar Olaus Rudbeck were the first to use runic inscriptions and Icelandic Sagas as primary historical sources. In England, the Viking attack of 8 June that destroyed the abbey on Lindisfarne , a centre of learning on an island off the northeast coast of England in Northumberland , is regarded as the beginning of the Viking Age.
In the Lindisfarne attack, monks were killed in the abbey, thrown into the sea to drown, or carried away as slaves along with the church treasures, giving rise to the traditional but unattested prayer— A furore Normannorum libera nos, Domine , "Free us from the fury of the Northmen, Lord. The Vikings were drawn by the growth of wealthy towns and monasteries overseas and weak kingdoms.
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The sea was the easiest way of communication between the Norwegian kingdoms and the outside world. Debate among scholars is ongoing as to why the Scandinavians began to utöka from the eighth through 11th centuries. In , the Vikings achieved the feat of reaching North America—the date of which was not determined until a millennium later. The economic model states that the Viking Age was the result of growing urbanism and trade throughout mainland Europe.
Barrett considers that prior scholarship having examined causes of the Viking Age in terms of demographic determinism, the resulting explanations have generated a "wide variety of possible models". Communities remained independent of each other, unlike the situation in lowland Denmark. Various factors have been highlighted: demographic, economic, ideological, political, technological, and environmental models.
Many theories are posited for the cause of the Viking invasions; the will to explore likely played a major role. By , a strong central authority appears to have been established in Jutland , and the Danes were beginning to look beyond their own territory for land, trade, and plunder. The Vikings who invaded western and eastern Europe were mainly pagans from the same area as present-day Denmark, Norway, and Sweden. Robert of Gloucester 's Chronicle, c.
They also briefly settled in Newfoundland , becoming the first Europeans to reach North America. The Viking devastation of Northumbria 's Holy Island was reported by the Northumbrian scholar Alcuin of York , who wrote: "Never before in Britain has such a terror appeared". Lindisfarne was different. Their North Germanic language , Old Norse , became the precursor to present-day Scandinavian languages.
They may also have been pushed to leave their homeland by overpopulation, lack of good farmland, and political strife arising from the unification of Norway. Pioneering scholarly works on the Viking Age reached only a small readership there, while linguists traced the Viking Age origins of rural idioms and proverbs. In Norway, mountainous terrain and fjords formed strong natural boundaries. The population continued to grow, and the pirates looked further and further beyond the borders of the Baltic , and eventually into all of Europe.
As a result, these people sought for new bases to launch counter-raids against Harald. During the Enlightenment and Nordic Renaissance, historians such as the Icelandic-Norwegian Thormodus Torfæus , Danish-Norwegian Ludvig Holberg , and Swedish Olof von Dalin developed a more "rational" and "pragmatic" approach to historical scholarship. segling by sea from their homelands in Denmark , Norway , and Sweden , the Norse people settled in the British Isles , Ireland , the Faroe Islands , Iceland , Greenland , Normandy , and the Baltic coast and along the Dnieper and Volga trade routes in eastern europe, where they were also known as Varangians.
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By , some 30 small kingdoms existed in Norway. The Norse homelands were also unified into larger kingdoms during the Viking Age, and the short-lived North Sea Empire included large swathes of Scandinavia and Britain. Information about the Viking Age is drawn largely from primary sources written by those the Vikings encountered, as well as archaeology, supplemented with secondary sources such as the Icelandic Sagas. The aggressive expansion of the Carolingian Empire and forced konvertering of the neighbouring Saxons to Christianity may also have been a factor.
While admitting that Scandinavia did share in the general European population and settlement expansion at the end of the first millennium, he dismisses 'population pressure' as a realistic cause of the Viking Age. He grants that although population increase was a factor in this expansion, it was not the incentive for such expeditions. Several things drove this expansion. The Viking Age about — CE was the period during the Middle Ages when Norsemen known as Vikings undertook large-scale raiding, colonising, conquest, and trading throughout Europe and reached North America.
By the latter half of the 18th century, while the Icelandic sagas were still used as important historical sources, the Viking Age had again komma to be regarded as a barbaric and uncivilised period in the history of the Nordic countries. At the time, England, Wales, and Ireland were vulnerable to attack, being divided into many different warring kingdoms in a state of internal disarray, while the Franks were well defended.